KW Economics prepares the economic analysis in tax and transfer pricing disputes involving businesses in Indiana: the controlled transactions at issue, the functional analysis and comparables that test their prices, and a report written for the forum that decides the dispute, whether a federal tax forum, a state tax appeal, or a court in Indiana, for either side.
A tax or transfer pricing dispute asks whether the prices one company in a group charged another for goods, services, intangibles, or loans match what unrelated parties would have agreed to, and how much income moves if they do not, answered from the intercompany agreements, the companies' conduct, and comparable transactions. Read the full tax and transfer pricing dispute analysis guide.
Federal tax forums test expert testimony under the federal rules of evidence, which the Tax Court applies by statute: whether the expert is qualified, whether the testimony rests on sufficient facts or data and on reliable methods, and whether those methods were reliably applied to the facts of the case. The commercial, shareholder, and matrimonial claims heard in Indiana's courts are tested under its own standard, and a state tax appeal follows the rules of the forum that hears it. Indiana courts require that the principles behind expert scientific testimony be reliable and treat the federal reliability factors as helpful rather than controlling; for economic testimony the inquiry is whether the witness is qualified and whether the method and its inputs rest on a sound basis. A transfer pricing report meets each of these inquiries by stating every method choice and naming the data behind every comparable.
Highest court: Indiana Supreme Court. Federal venues: N.D. Ind., S.D. Ind. Court system: in.gov.
A federal transfer pricing dispute applies the same statute and regulations wherever the business is based, but where it is based decides which appellate decisions govern: an appeal from the Tax Court ordinarily goes to the federal court of appeals for the circuit where a corporation has its principal place of business (for a business based in Indiana, the Seventh Circuit), whose precedent the Tax Court follows, and a refund suit is filed in the federal district where the business is based or in the Court of Federal Claims. Whether Indiana reallocates income between related companies under its own tax, requires royalties or interest paid to an affiliate to be added back, or combines affiliates in one return, and whether a commercial, shareholder, or matrimonial claim in Indiana adopts an arm's length benchmark, are questions counsel confirms; the report presents the analysis so it can be applied under either party's position.
The same four steps apply to a tax or transfer pricing dispute involving Indiana; the forum that hears the dispute and the rule of decision it applies decide how the result is used.
Federal income tax disputes over related-party prices are heard in the United States Tax Court or, on a refund claim, in a federal district court or the Court of Federal Claims; appeals from the Tax Court and the district courts ordinarily go to the federal court of appeals for the circuit where the business is based, and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims to the Federal Circuit. A dispute over Indiana's own tax follows its administrative and appeal process. Commercial and shareholder claims in Indiana that turn on an intercompany price are heard in the Circuit Court (General jurisdiction; oldest courts in each county) and the Superior Court (General jurisdiction; exists in most counties alongside circuit courts), with final appeals to the Indiana Supreme Court, and a divorce in which one bears on income or the value of a business is heard in the court that hears divorce in Indiana. Matters within federal jurisdiction proceed in the United States District Courts for the Northern District of Indiana and Southern District of Indiana.
A federal transfer pricing dispute applies the same statute and regulations wherever the business is based, but where it is based decides which appellate decisions govern: an appeal from the Tax Court ordinarily goes to the federal court of appeals for the circuit where a corporation has its principal place of business (for a business based in Indiana, the Seventh Circuit), whose precedent the Tax Court follows, and a refund suit is filed in the federal district where the business is based or in the Court of Federal Claims. Whether Indiana reallocates income between related companies under its own tax, requires royalties or interest paid to an affiliate to be added back, or combines affiliates in one return, and whether a commercial, shareholder, or matrimonial claim in Indiana adopts an arm's length benchmark, are questions counsel confirms; the report presents the analysis so it can be applied under either party's position. Federal tax forums test expert testimony under the federal rules of evidence, which the Tax Court applies by statute: whether the expert is qualified, whether the testimony rests on sufficient facts or data and on reliable methods, and whether those methods were reliably applied to the facts of the case. The commercial, shareholder, and matrimonial claims heard in Indiana's courts are tested under its own standard, and a state tax appeal follows the rules of the forum that hears it. Indiana courts require that the principles behind expert scientific testimony be reliable and treat the federal reliability factors as helpful rather than controlling; for economic testimony the inquiry is whether the witness is qualified and whether the method and its inputs rest on a sound basis. A transfer pricing report meets each of these inquiries by stating every method choice and naming the data behind every comparable.
Request a consultation on tax and transfer pricing dispute cases in Indiana or call (201) 343-0700. Plaintiff and defense counsel.