KW Economics prepares the economic analysis in tax and transfer pricing disputes involving businesses in Pennsylvania: the controlled transactions at issue, the functional analysis and comparables that test their prices, and a report written for the forum that decides the dispute, whether a federal tax forum, a state tax appeal, or a court in Pennsylvania, for either side.
A tax or transfer pricing dispute asks whether the prices one company in a group charged another for goods, services, intangibles, or loans match what unrelated parties would have agreed to, and how much income moves if they do not, answered from the intercompany agreements, the companies' conduct, and comparable transactions. Read the full tax and transfer pricing dispute analysis guide.
Federal tax forums test expert testimony under the federal rules of evidence, which the Tax Court applies by statute: whether the expert is qualified, whether the testimony rests on sufficient facts or data and on reliable methods, and whether those methods were reliably applied to the facts of the case. The commercial, shareholder, and matrimonial claims heard in Pennsylvania's courts are tested under its own standard, and a state tax appeal follows the rules of the forum that hears it. Pennsylvania courts ask whether the methodology behind an expert opinion is generally accepted in the relevant professional community and whether the economist is qualified by training and experience to apply it. A transfer pricing report meets each of these inquiries by stating every method choice and naming the data behind every comparable.
Highest court: Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Federal venues: E.D. Pa., M.D. Pa., W.D. Pa. Court system: pacourts.us.
A federal transfer pricing dispute applies the same statute and regulations wherever the business is based, but where it is based decides which appellate decisions govern: an appeal from the Tax Court ordinarily goes to the federal court of appeals for the circuit where a corporation has its principal place of business (for a business based in Pennsylvania, the Third Circuit), whose precedent the Tax Court follows, and a refund suit is filed in the federal district where the business is based or in the Court of Federal Claims. Whether Pennsylvania reallocates income between related companies under its own tax, requires royalties or interest paid to an affiliate to be added back, or combines affiliates in one return, and whether a commercial, shareholder, or matrimonial claim in Pennsylvania adopts an arm's length benchmark, are questions counsel confirms; the report presents the analysis so it can be applied under either party's position.
The same four steps apply to a tax or transfer pricing dispute involving Pennsylvania; the forum that hears the dispute and the rule of decision it applies decide how the result is used.
Federal income tax disputes over related-party prices are heard in the United States Tax Court or, on a refund claim, in a federal district court or the Court of Federal Claims; appeals from the Tax Court and the district courts ordinarily go to the federal court of appeals for the circuit where the business is based, and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims to the Federal Circuit. A dispute over Pennsylvania's own tax follows its administrative and appeal process. Commercial and shareholder claims in Pennsylvania that turn on an intercompany price are heard in the Court of Common Pleas (General jurisdiction; 60 judicial districts; civil, criminal, family, and orphans' court divisions), with final appeals to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and a divorce in which one bears on income or the value of a business is heard in the court that hears divorce in Pennsylvania. Matters within federal jurisdiction proceed in the United States District Courts for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Middle District of Pennsylvania, and Western District of Pennsylvania.
A federal transfer pricing dispute applies the same statute and regulations wherever the business is based, but where it is based decides which appellate decisions govern: an appeal from the Tax Court ordinarily goes to the federal court of appeals for the circuit where a corporation has its principal place of business (for a business based in Pennsylvania, the Third Circuit), whose precedent the Tax Court follows, and a refund suit is filed in the federal district where the business is based or in the Court of Federal Claims. Whether Pennsylvania reallocates income between related companies under its own tax, requires royalties or interest paid to an affiliate to be added back, or combines affiliates in one return, and whether a commercial, shareholder, or matrimonial claim in Pennsylvania adopts an arm's length benchmark, are questions counsel confirms; the report presents the analysis so it can be applied under either party's position. Federal tax forums test expert testimony under the federal rules of evidence, which the Tax Court applies by statute: whether the expert is qualified, whether the testimony rests on sufficient facts or data and on reliable methods, and whether those methods were reliably applied to the facts of the case. The commercial, shareholder, and matrimonial claims heard in Pennsylvania's courts are tested under its own standard, and a state tax appeal follows the rules of the forum that hears it. Pennsylvania courts ask whether the methodology behind an expert opinion is generally accepted in the relevant professional community and whether the economist is qualified by training and experience to apply it. A transfer pricing report meets each of these inquiries by stating every method choice and naming the data behind every comparable.
Request a consultation on tax and transfer pricing dispute cases in Pennsylvania or call (201) 343-0700. Plaintiff and defense counsel.