KW Economics prepares transfer pricing analysis for partnership and shareholder dispute cases venued in American Samoa: what the loss claim consists of, the records that drive it, and a present value built to American Samoa damages rules and venues. Plaintiff and defense.
In an owner dispute the transfer pricing question is whether a controlling owner moved profit out of the company through purchases from, sales to, services from, or licenses from entities the owner holds separately. The economist identifies each related-party transaction from the ledger and the agreements, establishes the functions, assets, and risks on each side, measures the prices against comparable transactions or the returns of comparable independent companies, and quantifies the profit diverted year by year. The restated earnings then feed the valuation of the minority interest or the damages claim, and the report keeps the arm's length adjustment and the valuation coordinated so the same profit is counted once.
Economic analysis and expert testimony on whether the prices charged between companies under common control, for goods, services, the use of intangibles, and intercompany loans, meet the arm's length standard: the result unrelated parties would have reached in the same transaction under the same circumstances. The work delineates the transactions from the intercompany agreements and the companies' actual conduct, selects the most reliable method, documents the comparables and the arm's length range, and quantifies what the price moved, for tax examinations and appeals, Tax Court and refund litigation, state tax disputes, and commercial, shareholder, and divorce cases.
The valuation date and the standard of value control the result: a fair value standard may exclude the minority and marketability discounts that a fair market value standard applies, and the gap between the two can be substantial for a minority interest in a closely held company. Normalizing adjustments to owner compensation and related-party dealings often decide whether the business shows earnings to value at all. Where the claim includes diverted profits, the amount depends on how far back the records permit reconstruction and on whether the business's actual results can be separated from market conditions.
The High Court of American Samoa applies rules of evidence modeled on the federal rules, so expert testimony is examined for the witness's qualification, the reliability of the method, and its application to the facts of the case, with the details of the inquiry for counsel to confirm. A damages report meets that examination by stating each assumption and naming its source, including any mainland benchmark it borrows.
Highest court: High Court of American Samoa, Appellate Division.
American Samoa has no separate supreme court and no local U.S. district court; the High Court exercises limited federal jurisdiction, and other federal matters are generally heard in the U.S. District Courts for the District of Hawaii or the District of Columbia.
In American Samoa the rules on fault allocation and on interest before judgment follow the territory's own code and case law, which counsel confirm for the specific claim. The report therefore separates the sums that were due from the amounts that had to be projected and states each loss as of a fixed date so it can be adjusted to whichever rules apply. Any limit on economic damages under a particular statute is likewise for counsel to confirm.
We issue the final report in the form the forum requires and provide deposition and trial testimony, critique of the opposing transfer pricing analysis, and updated calculations as the record develops.
In an owner dispute the transfer pricing question is whether a controlling owner moved profit out of the company through purchases from, sales to, services from, or licenses from entities the owner holds separately. The economist identifies each related-party transaction from the ledger and the agreements, establishes the functions, assets, and risks on each side, measures the prices against comparable transactions or the returns of comparable independent companies, and quantifies the profit diverted year by year. The restated earnings then feed the valuation of the minority interest or the damages claim, and the report keeps the arm's length adjustment and the valuation coordinated so the same profit is counted once.
The High Court of American Samoa applies rules of evidence modeled on the federal rules, so expert testimony is examined for the witness's qualification, the reliability of the method, and its application to the facts of the case, with the details of the inquiry for counsel to confirm. A damages report meets that examination by stating each assumption and naming its source, including any mainland benchmark it borrows. Partnership and Shareholder Dispute cases venued in American Samoa are heard in the High Court of American Samoa (Trial Division) (Principal general jurisdiction trial court for local civil and criminal matters) and the District Court of American Samoa (Lower local court handling minor civil and criminal matters), with final appeals to the High Court of American Samoa, Appellate Division.
In American Samoa the rules on fault allocation and on interest before judgment follow the territory's own code and case law, which counsel confirm for the specific claim. The report therefore separates the sums that were due from the amounts that had to be projected and states each loss as of a fixed date so it can be adjusted to whichever rules apply. Any limit on economic damages under a particular statute is likewise for counsel to confirm. The report presents past and future amounts separately, states every rate and table with its source, and shows the result under the alternatives the other side is likely to argue, so counsel can apply the American Samoa rules to a documented figure.
Request a consultation on Transfer Pricing or call (201) 343-0700. Plaintiff and defense counsel.